One of the topics divorcing couples most frequently disagree about is that of child custody. The stakes can feel very high and, because people often get divorced due to  differences in parenting strategies, coming to an agreement about how to manage the children’s schedules can be very difficult. 

This is especially true when a divorce involves a parent who wants to relocate with a child. However, this complex situation can also occur after divorce as well, often leaving both parents wondering what their options are. If this situation sounds familiar to you, read on for an overview of how relocation with a minor child may be permissible for a parent sharing custody, and then contact a Texas child custody lawyer for help with your case. 

Shared Custody and Child Relocation

If parents are getting divorced and one parent wants to move away with a child, that needs to be part of the divorce agreement, which will be approved by a judge. Sometimes, a judge will not approve the separation of a child from his or her other parent, and the parent who wishes to move away will either have to do so without the child or adjust plans. 

Last week, a federal appeals court in Texas struck down a 30-year-old federal law allowing the government to prevent people who have restraining orders against them from owning firearms. Previously, those who had received restraining orders could have their firearms removed from the home by local police and could be specifically prohibited by the order from handling or having weapons. 

The ruling was handed down after police in Texas discovered that a man with a civil protective order against him for harassing his ex-girlfriend had two guns in his home, despite the order prohibiting him from having firearms. The man pleaded guilty to having the firearms, but challenged the law that said the protective order could prohibit him from having a gun, and an appeals court agreed. The U.S. Justice Department is expected to challenge the ruling, which currently only affects Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. 

What Does This Mean For Existing Restraining Orders? 

As the law currently stands, states with their own laws prohibiting recipients of protective orders from having guns will still stand. However, in Texas, having a protective order no longer allows the government to disarm someone. This does not change the laws that say someone convicted of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence or of certain other crimes, including felonies, cannot own or handle firearms. 

If you’re a parent, or grandparent, or even merely a concerned member of society, you should be aware of the basic purpose and operations of Child Protective Services (CPS) here in Texas. CPS performs a variety of specific functions, but all functions are ultimately carried out for the purpose of maximizing the safety and wellbeing of children. Here in the State of Texas, CPS is actually one of the departments of the Texas Department of Family & Protective Services (DFPS). 

We will devote several articles to CPS, with each article focusing on one particular aspect of its operations. In this post, we will concentrate on the termination of parental rights. As many people are aware, CPS can file a petition to terminate parental rights if CPS feels that such a motion is necessary. However, this can only be successful if certain conditions are met.

Grounds for Termination

In order for CPS to terminate a parent’s parental rights, two hurdles must be met: (1) CPS must identify and demonstrate the ground for termination, and (2) the termination must be in the child’s best interests. On the first hurdle, CPS must show through “clear and convincing” evidence to a judge or jury that the cited ground for termination exists. At the present time, the Texas Family Code recognizes a total of 21 separate grounds for termination of parental rights. The rationale of these grounds is self-evident; for instance, the first ground referenced in the Texas Family Code is leaving the child with another person, not the other parent, with no intent to return. Another ground is engaging in conduct which places the child at risk of serious physical or emotional harm.

Financial debt is a major cause for concern around the United States, at the individual and family levels, as well as on a collective scale. Families fractured by divorce or other types of similar stresses may be particularly susceptible to growing debt, as financial obligations may be harder to meet on a single income, combined with countless other contributing factors. However, a recent study suggests that parents with certain types of debt may place their children at increased risk for behavioral problems in the future.

Quality of Life Connections

The study was conducted by researchers at the Institute for Research on Poverty at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and looked at data from more than 9,000 children and their mothers over a period of nearly 40 years. The research also categorized debt into four distinct types: home, education, automobile, and unsecured debt, which included credit cards, certain loans, and medical debt. Looking for possible connections, the team also examined the socio-emotional health and behavioral concerns of the participating children.

According to the study’s findings, while larger amounts of total debt was associated with poorer behavior overall, home- and education-related debt were correlated with higher degrees of emotional health. Unsecured debt, conversely, was “associated with lower levels of, and declines in child socioemotional well-being.”

When parents are married, a child’s paternity is usually not in doubt. Since a mother’s spouse is presumed to be a child’s parent, a married father will be able to share in child custody if the couple chooses to get a divorce. However, matters related to custody can become more complicated if a couple is unmarried, and in these situations, fathers may need to establish paternity. This will ensure that both parents will have the obligation to provide child support and meet their children’s financial needs. For unmarried parents, it is important to understand when paternity may need to be established and the procedures for doing so. 

Presumption of Paternity in Texas

There are certain situations where a man will be legally presumed to be the father of a child. This means that regardless of whether the parents remain married, are in an unmarried relationship, or are separated or divorced, the father will have the right to share child custody. Depending on agreements between the parents or decisions made in family court, a father may participate in making decisions about how children will be raised (known as legal custody or conservatorship), and he will have the right to reasonable possession and access of the child (visitation). He will also have the obligation to financially support the child, or if he has primary physical custody, he may receive child support from the child’s mother.

According to the Texas Family Code, a man is presumed to be a child’s father if he meets one of the following requirements: